The contract implements efficient balance tracking through UserBalance struct that maps collection IDs to balances. When a balance reaches zero, the contract automatically deletes the UserBalance object to optimize gas costs. This ensures efficient resource management while maintaining accurate token ownership records.

Batch operations are optimized through consolidated state changes and validation checks. Features like batch_update_metadata and batch_burn_art20 process multiple tokens in a single transaction, significantly reducing gas costs compared to individual operations. Each batch is bounded by MAX_BATCH_SIZE to ensure safe execution.

Metadata can be updated at both token and collection levels through update_metadata functions. The system supports freezing metadata permanently when needed using freeze_collection_metadata and batch_freeze_metadata. All metadata operations respect the is_mutable and metadata_frozen flags.

Each NFT has two identifiers: a global artinals_id (unique across all collections) and an asset_id (unique within its collection). This enables both cross-collection operations using artinals_id and collection-specific management using asset_id, while maintaining uniqueness guarantees.

Supply is managed through multiple safeguards: MAX_SUPPLY constant (1 billion), per-collection max_supply, and real-time current_supply tracking. Safe arithmetic operations (safe_add, safe_sub) prevent overflow, while supply validation occurs during minting and burning.